Valeroso, S. V. (2018). Cooperative internal control system: Ensuring safe and sound operations of cooperatives (Unpublished master's thesis). Public Management Development Program, Development Academy of the Philippines.

Public Management and Development Program Senior Executive Class Batch 6 Thesis (SEC)--Development Academy of the Philippines.

The cooperative movement in the Philippines started during Dr. Jose Rizal's exile in Dapitan in 1915. Since then, there are about more than 80,000 cooperatives of different types and categories that were organized and registered under different laws. In 1990, cooperative laws in the Philippines were codified for the first time which is Republic Act 6938 otherwise known as Cooperative Code of 1990. More than ten years after, it was amended into Republic Act 9520 otherwise known as The Philippine Cooperative Code of 2008. With the advent of the new law, all cooperatives were required, in 2010, to register under RA 9520. Unfortunately, after the lapse of the period within which all cooperatives in the Philippines were required to register, only about 21,000 cooperatives were able to register under the new law. Many that join cooperatives have wrong orientation on what a cooperative truly is. Some look at it as a plain lending organization where they can get their financial needs. There is that wrong perception that cooperatives are charitable institution. SOme people organized cooperatives because of government support and for purposes of getting grants and donations. The officers of most cooperatives were not able to attend capability building seminars and other trainings after they have been elected or appointed in their positions. As a result, the appropriate structures were not drawn, the applicable policies and procedures were not formulated and the needed systems were not set up. Officers experienced difficulty in managing their members because of wrong orientation. They spend time and resources to subject members to reorientation and other trainings and developing them to become second line leaders. Because of insufficient policies some of their co-officers were not able to carry out their objectives or were committing mistakes in managing the cooperative.